Challenges for conceptualising EU MOOC for vulnerable learner groups: In order to align the future conceptualization of MOOCs with the vision and philosophy of Europe, potential tensions of contemporary and future education are listed. Practical answers are provided to contemporary, ICT supported educational challenges, aiming to stimulate discussion of the potential for new educational technologies to ensure social inclusion for virtual and physical vulnerable learner groups.

KakaoTalk meets the Ministry of Education: Mobile Learning in South Korean Higher Education. Mobile learning in South Korean higher education is bound in problematic tension between a top-down model of smart learning in the formal space and the sophisticated use of mobile technology and social media in the informal space, use that directly affects the nature and structure of formal disciplinary participation. The aim of this chapter is to explore this tension by providing an overview of the state of mobile technology use in higher education in South Korea, and how that use is in part governed by the informal mobile cultures and practices that have arisen amidst domestically produced mobile technology and mobile applications.